Note Taking Systems |
5 Methods
- The Cornell Method
- The Outline Method
- The Mapping Method
- The Charting Method
- The Sentence Method
THE CORNELL METHOD
The Cornell method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying. 在主栏写下笔记后, 用左手边的空白处推荐几个靠谱的买球网站每个想法和细节加上一个关键词或“线索”.”
Method – Rule your paper with a 2 ½ inch margin on the left leaving a six-inch area on the right in which to make notes. 上课时,在6英寸的地方记下信息. 当老师讲到一个新的点时,跳过几行. 课后,尽可能多地完成短语和句子. 对于每一个重要的信息,在左边空白处写一个提示. 复习时,用卡片盖住笔记,露出提示. 大声说出提示,然后尽可能多地说出卡片下面的材料. 当你已经说得够多了, 移动卡片,看看你所说的是否与所写的相符. If you can say it, you know it.
Advantages -有组织、系统地记录和审核笔记. 简单的格式拉出主要的概念和想法. Simple and efficient. Saves time and effort. “从一开始就把事情做好。.”
Disadvantages – None
When to Use – In any lecture situation.
THE OUTLINING METHOD
破折号或缩进的提纲通常是最好的,除了一些科学课程,如物理或数学. 1. The information which is most general begins at the left with each more specific group of facts indented with spaces to the right. 2. 不同部分之间的关系是通过缩进来实现的. 3. 不需要数字、字母或罗马数字.
Method 听录音,然后根据空格缩进的顺序写出要点. 把主要的点放在最左边. 将每个更具体的点向右缩进. 重要程度将由离主要地点的距离来表示. Indention can be as simple as or as complex as labeling the indentations with Roman numerals or decimals. 不需要标记,因为空间关系将表明主要/次要点.
Advantages -如果操作得当,系统组织良好. 概述记录内容以及关系. 它还减少了编辑,并且通过将要点转化为问题很容易复习.
Disadvantages -在课堂上需要更多的思考来准确组织. 当需要时,该系统可能不会按顺序显示关系. 它不适合多样化的复习附件,以最大限度地学习和问题的应用. 如果讲课太快,就不能使用这个系统.
When to Use -如果讲座以提纲形式呈现,可以使用提纲格式. This may be either deductive (regular outline) or inductive (reverse outline where minor points start building to a major point). Use this format when there is enough time in the lecture to think about and make organization decisions when they are needed. This format can be most effective when your note taking skills are super and sharp and you can handle the outlining regardless of the note taking situation.
Example – Extrasensory perception
- Definition:不使用感觉器官的感知方式.
- Three kinds –
- Telepathy: sending messages
- Clairvoyance: forecasting the future
- Psychokinesis感知情境之外的事件
- Current status –
- 目前没有研究支持或反驳
- few psychologists say impossible
- Three kinds –
THE MAPPING METHOD
Mapping is a method that uses comprehension/concentration skills and evolves in a note taking form which relates each fact or idea to every other fact or idea. 映射是讲座内容的图形表示. 这是一种使积极参与最大化的方法, 提供靠谱的买球网站它的理解的直接知识, and emphasizes critical thinking.
Advantages -这种格式可以帮助你在任何情况下都能直观地跟踪你的讲座. 几乎不需要思考,关系可以很容易地看到. 通过添加数字、标记和颜色编码来编辑笔记也很容易. Review will call for you to restructure thought processes which will force you to check understanding. 复习记忆练习和关系. Main points can be written on flash or note cards and pieced together into a table or larger structure at a later date.
Disadvantages -你可能听不到内容从要点到事实的变化.
When to Use -当讲座内容繁重且组织良好时使用. May also be used effectively when you have a guest lecturer and have no idea how the lecture is going to be presented.
Example –
THE CHARTING METHOD
如果讲座形式不同(如按时间顺序), 你可以通过在表格中绘制列和标记适当的标题来建立你的论文.
Method -确定讲座所涉及的类别. 提前把你的论文按这些类别列好. 听讲座时,记录信息(单词、短语、主旨等).) into the appropriate category.
Advantages – Helps you track conversation and dialogues where you would normally be confused and lose out on relevant content. 减少必要的书写量. Provides easy review mechanism for both memorization of facts and study of comparisons and relationships.
Disadvantages -除了学习如何使用系统和定位适当的类别之外,几乎没有缺点. 你必须能够理解讲座中发生了什么.
When to Use -测试将同时关注事实和关系. 内容丰富,呈现速度快. 您想要减少在测试时花费在编辑和审查上的时间. 你想要在一个大的论文序列中得到整个课程的概述.
Example -历史课的图表格式:
THE SENTENCE METHOD
Method 把每一个新的想法、事实或话题写在单独的一行上,随着你的进展进行编号.
Advantages -比段落更有条理. 获取更多或全部信息. 对教材内容的思考仍然有限.
Disadvantages -不能从编号顺序中确定主要/次要点. 很难编辑而不需要重写聚类相关的点. 很难审查,除非编辑清理关系.
When to Use -当讲座有一定的组织,但内容很重,很快就会出现时使用. 你可以听到不同的观点,但你不知道它们是如何结合在一起的. 讲师倾向于以观点的方式来陈述,而不是以分组的方式,比如“三个相关的观点”.”
Example 1 –
革命是任何影响生活其他方面的事件, such as economic life, social life, and so forth. Therefore revolutions cause change. (见课本第29-30页.)
- Sample Notes 革命——影响生活其他方面的事件.g., econ., socl. Etc. C.f. text, pp. 29-30
Example 2 –
梅尔维尔并没有试图表现生活的本来面目. 例如,亚哈、斯达巴克和以实玛利的语言就不是现实生活中的语言.
- Sample Notes – Mel didn’t repr. Life as was; e.g. lang. Of Ahab, etc. no of real life.
Example 3 –
At first, Freud tried conventional, 物理疗法:物理治疗方法,如洗澡, massages, rest cures, and similar aids. 但当这些都失败后,他尝试了让-马丁·夏科使用过的催眠技术. Finally, he borrowed an idea from Jean Breuer and used direct verbal communication to get an unhypnotized patient to reveal unconscious thoughts.
- Sample Notes – Freud 1st – used phys. trtment; e.g., baths, etc. This fld. 2nd – used hypnosis (fr. Charcot) Finally – used vrb. commun. (fr. 布鲁尔)-得到了unpynop,专利来揭示uncons. thoughts.
Bibliography
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Johnson, Sue. 4个T:老师/你,文本,谈话,测试
学习成功的系统方法. 加州州立理工大学,圣路易斯奥比斯波
Pauk, Walter. How to Study in College, 2nd edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.
Raygor, Alton L. and David Wark. Systems for Study. New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc, 1970.